Journal Articles
Where Are the Children?: Theorizing the Missing Piece in Gendered Sexual Violence
Feminists have been central to virtually every era of activism around child sexual abuse, from
moral reformers in the 1800s and early 1900s, to the 1980s survivors’ movement (Breines and Gordon 1983; Freedman 2013; Sacco 2009; Whittier 2009). Most recently, feminist analysis of child sexual abuse grew in the 1970s alongside that of rape, as participants in consciousness-
raising groups discovered that many of them had been sexually assaulted as children, often by
relatives. Feminist anti-rape activists included the rape of girls in their theory, activism, self-
defense training, and crisis services. Rape, regardless of age, was understood as an act of power,
violence, and male domination; girls were doubly vulnerable because of their relatively powerless
position as minors, especially within families. Sexual abuse of boys was also attributed to
patriarchal domination, which could be directed at other powerless groups besides women.
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