Journal Articles
Time constraints and the opportunity costs of oversight
In a principal–agent relationship, how should principals budget time for oversight when
oversight activity is not instantaneous? We develop a formal model of resource allocation by a
principal monitoring multiple agents, where the principal faces a dynamic budgeting problem.
Our model reveals a tension between the value of holding resources in reserve to maintain the
threat of an audit and the direct policy gains of monitoring activity. We show that as the
frequency of principal–agent conflict increases, there are some conditions under which the most
effective strategy for a principal is to allocate less and less of their total time to monitoring. The
model has important implications for the empirical analysis of a monitoring setting where a
principal oversees multiple agents.
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