The appearance of digital photography in the late twentieth century raised a significant challenge to the most powerful idea attached to photography in the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries, that it was a kind of memory and hence the source of reliable historical data. Traditional or analogue photographs were assumed to be reliable records of the past simply by virtue of bein…
An episode of social conflict between Russian and Estonian “mnemonic communities” is used as a framework for exploring issues of collective memory. In order to understand the strong Russian reaction to the Estonian decision to move a memorial statue, it is argued that the notion of “deep memory” is needed, a notion that is, in turn, grounded in the construct of a “narrative temp…
This article considers the power of food as a vehicle for memory by exploring the ways that food crosses the personal and the collective, the individual and the social. It examines these questions through the lens of certain Easter practices on the island of Kalymnos, Greece, concerning the preparation of lamb. The ovens and pots used to prepare lamb are a marker of Kalymnian identity, bu…
Collective memories are often formed through the conversations community members have with each other. The effectiveness of these conversations to transmit a memory across a community and to produce a shared and stable mnemonic representation is constrained by psychological factors. This essay examines the effects of speakers' retellings of past events (a) on listeners' memories and (b) o…
The people we call Europeans include many millions of European Union citizens, the Swiss, the Ukrainians, the Turks, the Norwegians, the Croatians, the Serbs, and the Albanians. Do they share memories and a common sense of history? Indeed, should Europeans share memories? Each of the European nations has accumulated a stockpile of tales and myths that allow its citizens to act in solidari…
In this essay, I argue that the political community’s identity and its sense of its own coherence as a responsible agent across time rest squarely on the work of collective memory. The protean volatility of the politics of memory reminds us that in our world (or perhaps it always and everywhere was so), memory is intertwined with power, interest and resistance precisely because it is so v…
History is not only on the curriculum, and it is not only in the subject of books, journal, radio and television progams, or public debates that explicitly deal with the past and with the question of how to remember it in an adequate way. History is also conveyed en passant. It is inscribed in the fabric of everyday life, in people's habits and routines, in things they live with and place…
An important role of memory, both individual and collective, is to remind us of what we owe to the past. To understand this role, we need to conceive memory not merely in cognitive terms, but also as what Nietzsche called “memory of the will.” It is this “conative” aspect of memory which explains the link between memory and identity. There still remain problems of how to explain h…
How do we explain consistencies in discourses about the past that transcend the different interests and experiences of their contributors? This paper explores the the problem of cultural transmission as it appears in Sigmund Freud's Moses and Monotheism, in which Freud claims that that the residues of repressed pasts can be preserved in the life of the collectivity through means other tha…
Voluntary programs intended to improve corporate environmental practices have proliferated in recent years. Why some businesses choose to participate in such voluntary programs, while others do not, remains an open question. Recent work suggests that companies’ environmental practices, including their decisions to participate in voluntary programs, are shaped by a license to operate com…
Resource conflicts often intensify ethnic violence and vice versa. However, in specific cases situations can be more complex than they appear. To understand this phenomenon, this chapter takes incidents of violence in Northern Thailand as a point of departure to explain how the historical construction of ethnic identification is tied to the spatial division of highlands and lowlands. I ar…
This article addresses the question of whether the Caribbean is particularly attractive or unattractive to foreign investors, and if it has specific characteristics that attract or deter FDI. An econometric analysis of data from 135 countries for 1980-2002 shows that the Caribbean does not suffer from low inflows of FDI; on the contrary, Caribbean countries receive more FDI than comparabl…
The 1989 Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) has recently been described as a successful example of how to manage large protracted refugee flows. However, this article revisits the circumstances surrounding the CPA used to resolve the prolonged Indo-Chinese refugee crisis to highlight that part of its development was linked to the fact that Southeast Asian states refused to engage with pro…
In September of 2005, Malaysia–Thailand relations were stressed by an incident in which 131 Thai Muslims fled across the Southern Thai border to seek refuge in Malaysia. The Malaysian government initially refused to return these ‘asylum seekers,’ and eventually chose to internationalize the situation by calling on the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR). Malaysia's de…
This article focuses on a key incident - the takeover of the CA Boca Junior of Argentina football jersey by Nike, with a design that was perceived as altering the 'original' jersey - and the public debate it generated in terms of fashion, community and tradition. Using that incident as a catalyst I analyze its different ciscuits of fabrication, production and consumption, and show how the cir…
Objective: This article describes the process and outcomes of an abstinence-orientated empowerment program that was delivered to an adolescent multicultural population. Method: The study employed a time-limited pretest—posttest OXO design with an N of 130 drawn from youth in public schools from fifth grade to ninth grade. A paired-samples t test was utilized. Effect size was calculated …
Accurately assessing the number of household phone lines in random-digit dialed (RDD) surveys for use in weighting has become more complicated over time. This study evaluates phone line weighting by asking an in-depth battery of seven questions designed to measure the number of available land lines in the home more precisely. The results show that this weighting correction is not so simpl…
Recent experimental research has shown that respondents to forced-choice questions endorse significantly more options than respondents to check-all questions. This research has challenged the common assumption that these two question formats can be used interchangeably but has been limited to comparisons within a single survey mode. In this paper we use data from a 2004 random sample surv…
In a series of articles, Mondak and colleagues argue that the conventional way of measuring political knowledge in surveys is flawed. Personality related "propensity to guess" underestimates the level of political knowledge in the population and distorts estimates of between group differences, when a DK alternative is offered. This has led Mondak to recommend the use of closed-ended items…
Public opinion polls show consistently that a substantial portion of the American public would vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. Because of the controversial nature of such questions, however, the responses may suffer from social desirability effects. In other words, respondents may be purposely giving false answers as not to violate societal norms. Using an unobtrusive …