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Managing Ambivalent Prejudices : Smart-but-Cold and Warm-but-Dumb Stereotypes
Not all biases are equivalent, and not all biases are uniformly negative. Two fundamental dimensions differentiate stereotyped groups in cultures across the globe: status predicts perceived competence, and cooperation predicts perceived warmth. Crossing the competence and warmth dimensions, two combinations produce ambivalent prejudices: pitied groups (often traditional women or older people) a…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1,January 2012,pp. 33-48
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- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Power, Influence, and Diversity in Organizations
This article summarizes literatures on power, status, and influence in sociology’s group processes tradition and applies them to issues of diversity in organizations. Power—defined as the ability to impose one’s will even against resistance from others—results primarily from position in a social structure. Influence—defined as compelling behavior change without threat of punishment or promise o…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 49-70
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Diversity within Reach : Recruitment versus Hiring in Elite Firms
Despite the popularity of diversity management, there is little consensus on how to design diversity practices that work. In this article, the author provides an inside look into one type of diversity practice: diversity recruitment. Drawing on qualitative evidence from hiring in elite law firms, investment banks, and management consulting firms, the author analyzes what diversity recruitment l…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 71-90
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Developmental Practices, Organizational Culture, and Minority Representation …
Explanations of minority underrepresentation among organizational managers have focused primarily on either employee deficits in human and social capital or employer discrimination. To date, research has paid little attention to the role of developmental practices and related cultural values within organizations. Using data on large U.S. law firms, the authors investigate the role of formal dev…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 91-113
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You the Boss? Explaining the Persistent Ve…
Since 1970, women have made substantial inroads into management jobs. But most women are in lower- and middle-management jobs; few are in top-management jobs. Human capital theory uses three individual-level variables to explain this vertical gender gap: women acquire fewer of the necessary educational credentials than men, women prefer different kinds of jobs than men, and women accumulate les…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 114-130
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Women’s Mobility into Upper-Tier Occupations : Do Determinants and Timing D…
Data from the 1998 to 2005 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to assess the particularistic mobility thesis, which maintains that among women there is a racialized continuum in the determinants of and timing to mobility into two “upper-tier” occupational categories. Findings support this theory, though racial gaps along the continuum are greater for professional/technical than…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012 ,pp. 131-148
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Money, Benefits, and Power : A Test of the Glass Ceiling and Glass Escalator …
This article explores the manner in which race, ethnicity, and gender intersect to produce inequality in wages and employer benefits among “workers” (employees with no job authority), “supervisors” (employees with broad supervisory responsibilities), and “managers” (employees who can hire/fire and set the pay of others). Using data uniquely suited to examine these relationships, the author find…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 149-172
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Do Female Top Managers Help Women to Advance? A Panel Study Using EEO-1 Records
The goal of this study is to examine whether women in the highest levels of firms’ management ranks help to reduce barriers to women’s advancement in the workplace. Using a panel of more than twenty thousand firms during 1990 to 2003 from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the authors explore the influence of women in top management on subsequent female representation in lower-le…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 173-197
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Minorities in Management : Effects on Income Inequality, Working Conditions, …
Scholars differ on whether the increase in minority managers represents real or vacuous progress toward the elimination of racial bias in the labor market. This study uses the National Study of the Changing Workforce to examine racial differences in work outcomes across the authority divide. On balance, this study finds more support for the pessimistic view of the minority presence in managemen…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 198-216
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Female Leaders, Organizational Power, and Sex Segregation
A large body of research has examined the organizational factors that promote women’s access to positions of workplace authority. Fewer studies explore how women’s access to these positions influences gender inequality among subordinates. Utilizing a 2005 national sample of South Korean organizations, this article examines whether having women in managerial and supervisory roles is associated w…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012 ,pp. 217-235
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- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Checking the Pulse of Diversity among Health Care Professionals : An Analysis…
What factors are associated with variation in the racial/ethnic composition of hospital health care professionals? Institutional theories suggest that organizations react to external environmental and internal structural pressures for the racial/ethnic integration of workers. Using an institutional framework, we bring to bear new insight into how hospitals respond to such pressure for diversity…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012 ,pp. 236-257
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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The Gender Gap in Executive Compensation : The Role of Female Directors and C…
While many studies have explored the issue of women’s representation among top management, little is known about the gender gap in compensation among those who reached the top. Using data on 7,711 executives at 831 U.S. firms, this study investigates social-psychological factors that explain the gender gap in executive compensation. Consistent with theories on social identity and demographic si…
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- Vol. 639 no. 1, January 2012,pp. 258-278
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Martin Fishbein’s Legacy : The Reasoned Action Approach
The reasoned action approach that Martin Fishbein pioneered has emerged as the dominant conceptual framework for predicting, explaining, and changing human social behavior. The most popular model in this tradition, the theory of planned behavior, has generated a great deal of empirical research supporting the premises of this approach. It has been shown that behavioral, normative, and control b…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 11-27
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- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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The Quantitative Analysis of Reasoned Action Theory
This article serves as a guide for conducting statistical analyses in a reasoned action context. Using structural equation modeling concepts, the authors identify two elements of reasoned action data: the structural component relating theoretical variables to one another and a measurement component defining the theoretical constructs. The authors then describe a three-step analytic approach: an…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 28-41
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- 00027162
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- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Measurement Models for Reasoned Action Theory
Quantitative researchers distinguish between causal and effect indicators. What are the analytic problems when both types of measures are present in a quantitative reasoned action analysis? To answer this question, the authors use data from a longitudinal study to estimate the association between two constructs central to reasoned action theory: behavioral beliefs and attitudes toward the behav…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 42-57
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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The Reasoned Action Model : Directions for Future Research
The reasoned action model (RAM) of Fishbein and Ajzen has been highly influential in the social and health sciences. This article describes three areas for future research that should expand its explanatory power. One area of research focuses on an idiographic RAM that encourages researchers to pursue the estimation of RAM parameters on a per-individual level rather than through traditional nom…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 58-80
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Beliefs Underlying Eating Better and Moving More : Lessons Learned from Compa…
The reasoned action approach has been used to identify the determinants of a behavior to be modified by social and behavioral interventions. Information on the specific beliefs underlying behavioral decisions is vital to intervention design. More attention is needed on the salient belief elicitation—a critical step in a theory-based formative research process. This article considers the methodo…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 81-100
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Perceived Behavioral Control in Reasoned Action Theory : A Dual-Aspect Interp…
The inclusion of perceptions of control over behavioral performance has importantly advanced the ability of reasoned action theory to explain behavioral intentions and predict behavior. In consequence, the theory has usefulness as a tool for developing behavior change interventions. Despite the theoretical and practical importance of a perceived behavioral control construct, there remains ambig…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 101-117
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- -
- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Developing Media Interventions to Reduce Household Sugar-Sweetened Beverage C…
In 2010, the city of Philadelphia launched a media campaign to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in homes with children as a strategy to combat obesity. Using the integrative model (IM) of behavioral change and prediction, a theory-based precampaign survey of Philadelphia parents was conducted to determine the most effective message content. Results indicated that inten…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 118-135
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
- Collation
- -
- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Understanding Tailored Internet Smoking Cessation Messages : A Reasoned Actio…
Although message tailoring has been shown to produce experimental effects in previous studies, the cognitive mechanisms through which tailoring works have not been sufficiently studied. Using the integrative model to predict intentions to use the nicotine replacement patch among adult smokers, this study examines how tailoring theoretical elements of the integrative model is effective in changi…
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- Vol. 640 no. 1, March 2012,pp. 136-149
- ISBN/ISSN
- 00027162
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- Series Title
- The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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