This article explores the origins of peak employers' associations to understand why countries produce highly centralized macrocorporatist groups, weaker national associations but stronger industry-level groups, or highly fragmented pluralist associations. The authors suggest that the structure of partisan competition played a vital causal role in the development and evolution of these peak asso…
How do state policies that regulate the relationship between ethnicity and nationality change? This article examines the dynamics of persistence and change in state policies toward ethnicity. In order to better comprehend the nature of political contestation over these state policies, the author first develops a new typology, “regimes of ethnicity,” and categorizes states as having monoethnic, …
How do changes in electoral rules affect the nature of public policy outcomes? The current evidence supporting institutional theories that answer this question stems almost entirely from quantitative cross-country studies, the data of which contain very little within-unit variation. Indeed, while there are many country-level accounts of how changes in electoral rules affect such phenomena as th…
Commentators have argued that we have entered a new era of migration described by Vertovec as a ‘transformative diversification of diversity’. Multiple variables of difference in the ethnicity, immigration status, rights and entitlements, age and gender profiles and patterns of distribution, of new migrants mean that the UK, and many other EU countries, are now home to the most diverse populati…
The award in 2009 of contracts to operate private prisons to consortia which included charities has reignited debates in the UK about the costs of state patronage among the voluntary sector. This article argues that the controversy has highlighted current dilemmas of institutionalization arising from the interpenetration of civil and penal spheres, as public policy nurtures an emergent ‘penal v…
This paper discusses the social and political processes health care transformation in postcommunist Europe has involved in practice. It begins by suggesting a theoretical framework for the study of postcommunist welfare. Focusing on Poland, it examines what lies behind the frictions which have become an integral feature of health care change, which most recently has centred on the privatization…
Governments often use multiple policy instruments for pursuing policy goals with mutually reinforcing effects. These effects include supplementation and substitution. This article examines both effects by studying two instruments of state budget stabilization policy: general fund balances and budget stabilization funds. States normally maintain budget surpluses in the general fund. In recent de…
India’s 2005 Right to Information Act (RTIA) is among dozens of national laws recently adopted similar to the U.S. Freedom of Information Act. Drawing on several large studies examining the act’s implementation, the author finds that Indian citizens filed about 2 million requests for information under the RTIA during its first two and half years. However, use of the law was constrained by uneve…
In July 2005, the Little Rock, Arkansas, school district implemented a new policy to reorganize its management structure in order to create a more efficient bureaucracy. Using Richard Matland’s ambiguity-conflict model of policy implementation, the authors examine the implementation of this school reorganization policy. Interviews and surveys were conducted with the superintendent and his execu…
It is widely believed that projected changes in the age structure of the U.S. population will create serious fiscal pressures at the federal level. Irrespective of any reforms undertaken at the federal level, these demographic trends also will have a direct impact on the way state and local governments operate. A review of recent population projections to 2020 reveals a great deal of heterogene…
Public budgeting in 2010 is dominated, at all levels of government, by continuing high demands for government services and large budget deficits. Looking ahead to 2020, these struggles are likely to continue. The federal government’s 10-year budget outlook is bleak, and its longer-term outlook is even more dismal, driven by growth in health care costs. State and local government budgets will sl…
Globalization means many things for governments around the world in terms of governance. Questions that are left unexplored in the public administration literature are what changes in the globalization of production mean for governments and their relationships with business and civil society, and what the implications are for public administration. The authors develop a conceptual framework tha…
To thrive in 2020, we must conceive of the field of public administration in the broadest possible terms. Phenomena that typically have been treated peripherally in our literature are emerging center stage in recent years, confirming that the “old” boundaries of our discipline do not reflect contemporary reality. After reviewing three key developments—the rise of mixed and nongovernmental insti…
Throughout the era of economic liberalization (1978–2007), a significant amount of governmental power was transferred to technocrat-guardians who were carefully buffered from elected officials. Democratic processes, it was said, had to be disciplined through such reforms if nations were to thrive in a globalized economy. This way of thinking about reform was already under assault before the fin…
The first Minnowbrook Conference in 1968 was a big success. The ideas and directions that the field of public administration followed later on were very much influenced by the spirit of Minnowbrook I. Since then, it has become a practice for American scholars in the field of public administration to meet every 20 years to discuss the future direction of the field. Thus, we had Minnowbrook II in…
Imagine that citizens and public officials working together over the next decade are able to maximize the democratic potential of today’s shared-power, “no-one-in-charge” world and achieve more sustainable modes of living together on Earth. The article focuses on the development of shared or collaborative approaches to leadership, ideas for developing integrative leadership practices that harne…
This article argues that sustainability should define the conceptual focus for the field of public administration in the coming decade. Sustainability involves three systems: environmental, economic, and political/social systems. The challenge of governance, and thus of public administration, is to sustain each of these systems on its own while maintaining an appropriate balance among them. The…
The significant reforms being implemented in governance systems around the world reflect a broader transition of society from the modern to a new emerging era. This transition is framed in terms of a shift from a mechanistic to an ecological worldview, stimulated by a number of developments during the twentieth century and the last decade. In contrast to the mechanistic orientation toward reduc…
The authors argue for a scientifically rigorous, contextually valid, practically relevant, and stakeholder-inclusive Platinum Standard for evidence-based assessment to improve public administration and third-party governance in the twenty-first century. The Platinum Standard would encompass two contending gold standards. The first gold standard, based on experimental methods, counterfactuals, a…
The teacher—learner cycle has been presented as an integral part of the realistic evaluation approach by Pawson and Tilley. Yet few studies have adopted this cycle explicitly and no studies were found in which the whole cycle was completed.We fill this gap through a case study of the effect of young people’s playing fields on anti-social behaviour in a Dutch community.The initiators of these fi…