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Action Research: A Paradigm for Achieving Social Change
Action research was originally introduced by the late Kurt Lewin, who coined the term and who frequently used it in the realm of intergroup relations. Eight principles of action research based on Lewin's writings, and adopted by leading theorists and practitioners, are elaborated on in this article accompanied by illustrations of how they have been used in the study reported in this special issue.
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- Vol. 39, No. 1, February 2008. Page 17-27
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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Nonlinear Dynamics of Individual and Interpersonal Conflict in an Experimenta…
The current study examines the spread of experimentally induced conflict and rigidity from an individual to a group through the perspective of self-organization theory. The dependent measure of rigidity was operationally defined as entropy in conversational turn-taking dynamics in the small group. Four female undergraduates participated in a series of four 30-min discussions. The frequency dist…
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- Vol. 39, No. 2, April 2008. Page 150 - 178
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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Combined Effects of Knowledge About Others' Opinions and Anticipation of Grou…
There is conclusive evidence that information search processes are typically biased in favor of the information seeker's own opinion (confirmation bias). Less is known about how knowledge about others' opinions affects this confirmatory information search. In the present study, the authors manipulated feedback about others' opinions and anticipation of group interaction. As predicted, the effec…
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- Vol. 39, No. 2, April 2008. Page 203 - 223
- ISBN/ISSN
- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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The Effects of Demographic Differences on Forming Intragroup Relationships
Group behavior research suggests that differences among group members cause individuals to interact in ways that may enhance or weaken group performance. Dissimilarities among members may cause the development of negative attitudes about work groups, leading to dysfunctional performance. Network theorists have found that demographic factors influence individuals' tendency to form network …
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- Vol. 39, No. 2, April 2008. Page 179 - 202
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Increasing Trust, Psychological Safety, and Team Performance Through Dyadic L…
In this article, the author uses a case-based argument to explore the idea that team members have grounded rationality, which may be actively learned by team leaders through a process of leadership discovery. The analysis reveals evidence that leaders using dyadic discovery methods learn more and more effectively customize leadership behaviors to increase trust, psychological safety, and tea…
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- Vol. 39, No. 2, April 2008. Page 224 - 248
- ISBN/ISSN
- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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The Influence of Team Emotional Intelligence Climate on Conflict and Team Mem…
The authors seek to advance research on conflict and emotions by integrating features of conflict, reactions to conflict, and team emotional intelligence climate. They tested hypothesized links between variables with data collected from 528 employees in 97 organizational teams. Results revealed that teams with less-well-defined emotional intelligence climates were associated with increased task…
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- Vol. 39, No. 2, April 2008. Page 121 - 149
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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All in the Timing: Considering Time at Multiple Stages of Group Research
The role of time in measuring group and team temporality constitutes more than a methodological issue—it is a theoretical question. That is, if group interaction is theorized as processual and processes occur through time, then research on team temporality, as well as a range of other issues, must grapple with the methodological implications of our theories. This article contributes to INGR…
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- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2008. Page 328-351
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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Guided Team Self-Correction: Impacts on Team Mental Models, Processes, and Ef…
This research investigated the effects of guided team self-correction using an empirically derived expert model of teamwork as the organizing framework. First, the authors describe the process used to define this model. Second, they report findings from two studies in which the expert model was used to structure the process of guided team self-correction. Participants were U.S. Navy command and…
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- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2008. Page 303-327
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Bringing in the Experts: How Team Composition and Collaborative Planning Join…
This study investigates the separate and joint effects of the inclusion of experts and collaborative planning on the performance of analytic teams. Teams either did or did not include members with expert-level task-relevant cognitive abilities, and either did or did not receive an intervention that fostered collaborative planning. Results support the authors' hypothesis that analytic performanc…
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- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2008. Page 352-371
- ISBN/ISSN
- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Interdisciplinarity as Teamwork: How the Science of Teams Can Inform Team Sci…
This essay discusses interdisciplinary research in the context of science policy and the practice of science. Comparisons between interdisciplinary research and other forms of cross-disciplinary research are made, and a brief discussion of the development of the concept of interdisciplinarity is provided. The overarching thesis of this essay is that interdisciplinary research is team rese…
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- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2008. Page 251-277
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Conflict Transformation: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationships Be…
In this longitudinal study, the authors examine the relationships between task, relationship, and process conflict over time. They also look at the role of conflict resolution in determining whether certain forms of intragroup conflict are related to the appearance of other forms of conflict over time. Their findings indicate a negative and long-lasting impact of process conflict occurring earl…
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- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2008. Page 278-302
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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The Pros and Cons of Dyadic Side Conversations in Small Groups: The Impact of…
This research explores the impact of dyadic side conversations on group norms within three- and four-person groups. The authors propose a link between dyadic communication and group norms such that the absence of dyadic communication enhances a norm of group unity, whereas its presence enhances a norm of faction-forming. In two studies, we demonstrate that the presence of dyadic communication o…
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- Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2009. Page 372-390
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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Criteria for Assessing the Level of Group Development (LGD) of Work Groups: G…
The main objective of this study is to identify criteria that would allow us to determine when a collection of people is a group. A bibliographic search of the psychological literature has yielded the terms groupness, entitativity, and groupality. These three constructs are then theoretically analyzed and compared, and are found to share two main aspects: (a) the conception of groups as a conti…
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- Vol. 39, No. 4, August 2008. Page 492-514
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Gender Social and Personal Identity, Sex Dissimilarity, Relationship Conflict…
Research on the linkage between sex diversity and relationship conflict has yielded inconsistent findings. In efforts to address this inconsistency and to better understand what contributes to group member perceptions of relationship conflict, interrelationships among sex dissimilarity, gender identity, and relationship conflict were examined utilizing theoretical frameworks from the literature…
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- Vol. 39, No. 4, August 2008. Page 468-491
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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Designing in Teams: Does Personality Matter?
Twenty-six multidisciplinary student design teams (n = 128) each built a robot that had to perform a specific task in a design contest. For these teams, an input—process—output framework of team member personality (input), generic and specific design behaviors (process), and contest result and supervisor and team member ratings of the design (output) was researched using correlations. Agreeable…
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- Vol. 39, No. 4, August 2008. Page 438-467
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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Us and Them: Conflict, Collaboration, and the Discursive Negotiation of Multi…
This article explores the conflict that emerged during the work of university researchers, education consultants, and district multishareholder teams engaged in a partnership for school reform. The authors draw on analysis of naturally occurring talk and other data collected over 2 years to explore the presence of conflict between a multishareholder team and a group of consultants during a 4-da…
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- Vol. 39, No. 4, August 2008. Page 397-437
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Effects of Training on Idea Generation in Groups
This study examined the effects of training and sequence of nominal and interactive groups on idea generation. Participants in groups of three or four were either trained in idea generation skills or were simply engaged in an equivalent amount of practice. They subsequently were asked to brainstorm in either an alone-to-group or a group-to-alone sequence. Training had a significant positive eff…
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- Vol. 39, No. 5, October 2008. Page 523-541
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- 10464964
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- Small Group Research
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The ASA Framework: A Field Study of Group Personality Composition and Group P…
A theoretical model integrating Schneider's Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) framework, group personality composition, and group performance is presented. The proposed model focuses on three operationalizations of group composition based on the Big Five personality traits. This model suggests that for certain types of teams group minimum scores vary more than group mean scores, resulting in…
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- Vol. 39, No. 5, October 2008. Page 616-635
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- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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Examining Team Planning Through an Episodic Lens: Effects of Deliberate, Cont…
Three types of team planning processes differing in terms of timing and adaptation capacity are investigated. Deliberate planning and contingency planning occur during team transition phases; deliberate planning specifies a primary course of action whereas contingency planning specifies backup plans. Reactive adjustment is planning that occurs during the action phase when teams adapt plans to a…
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- Vol. 39, No. 5, October 2008. Page 542-568
- ISBN/ISSN
- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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The Effects of Status Violations on Hierarchy and Influence in Groups
In an initial test of Wagner's (1988) status violation theory, we examine how status violations, or the failure to behave in accord with the expectations attached to a person's status position in a group, may reduce the person's status position. Status violations highlight the underlying normative order that forms the group's expectations regarding appropriate status-related behaviors. Status v…
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- Vol. 39, No. 5, October 2008. Page 569-587
- ISBN/ISSN
- 1046-4964
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- Small Group Research
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