Electoral Systems and Legislators’ Constituency Effort The Mediating Effec…

In so far as legislators value re-election, electoral institutions are said to shape their strategic behavior. Yet, the empirical evidence linking legislators� behavior to electoral institutions is weak at best. Previous studies, we argue, have either ignored or misspecified how legislators� vulnerability to electoral defeat mediates the expected effect of electoral institutions. To test this a…

Security, Clarity of Responsibility, and Presidential Approval

The importance of institutions in shaping citizens� ability to punish or reward politicians for economic outcomes is well established. Where institutions divide authority, politicians can blame each other and citizens find it harder to assign responsibility for policy failures; where institutions clarify lines of authority, citizens can better hold politicians accountable. However, this argumen…

Diffusion of Diaspora Enfranchisement Norms A Multinational Study

States have increasingly granted voting rights to their citizens overseas. Traditional accounts of franchise extension suggest that governments� motivations are either political (new voters are expected to support the incumbent government) or, in the case of citizens abroad, materialist (a fortified link to migrants encourages remittance flows). Although these factors doubtless matter, they ove…

Instruments of Political Control National Oil Companies, Oil Prices, and Pet…

Global petroleum subsidies peaked at US$520 billion in the summer of 2008 and reached US$212 billion in 2011, carrying high fiscal and environmental costs. Why do some countries spend so much money to subsidize petroleum consumption? Previous studies suggest that oil-rich autocracies lacking institutional capacity are the main culprits. However, they cannot explain why oil importers with capabl…

Women’s Political Engagement Under Quota-Mandated Female Representation Ev…

Do affirmative action measures for women in politics change the way constituents view and interact with their female representatives? A subnational randomized policy experiment in Lesotho with single-member districts reserved for female community councilors provides causal evidence to this question. Using survey data, I find that having a quota-mandated female representative either has no effec…

Indigenous Identity, Natural Resources, and Contentious Politics in Bolivia …

How do natural resources and ethnic identity interact to incite or to mitigate social conflict? This article argues that high-value natural resources can act as an important catalyst for the politicization of ethnic, specifically indigenous identity, and contribute to social conflict as they limit the malleability of identity frames and raise the stakes of confrontations. We test this argument …

The Ties That Bind National Identity Salience and Pro-Social Behavior Toward…

At the psychological level, ethnic conflict can be seen as an extreme result of normal group identification processes. Bridging perceived intergroup boundaries is therefore key to improving intergroup relations. In contrast to the dominant association of nationalism with racism, chauvinism, xenophobia, and intolerance, we highlight the constructive potential of national identification. In a sur…

Choosing Whom to Trust Agency Risks and Cabinet Partisanship in Presidential…

Presidential cabinets include on average more nonparty ministers than governments in any other form of democracy, and critics of presidentialism have argued that this compromises representativeness, accountability, and governability. Yet cabinet partisanship in presidential democracies remains poorly understood. Existing studies argue that the partisan composition of cabinets reflects the degre…

The Successor Factor Electoral Accountability in Presidential Democracies

Do voters sanction incumbent parties collectively for the performance of the government, or do they hold politicians accountable individually? Most economic voting studies assume that voters hold the incumbent party collectively accountable and that candidate-specific factors do not have an independent effect on how voters punish and reward incumbents. This article argues that voters weigh the …

The Conditional Ideological Inducement to Campaign on Character Valence Issue…

Acknowledging the role played by character valence issues in affecting parties� fortunes, several recent papers have investigated the possible intentional use of such issues in electoral contests. A corollary of this line of research has focused on identifying conditions under which parties are expected to invest more in valence campaigning. In this article, we focus on the role played by parti…

Proportionality and Turnout Evidence From French Municipalities

Many studies find that voter turnout is higher in proportional representation (PR) elections than in plurality elections, but because the two systems differ in multiple ways and are used in different contexts it is difficult to know precisely why. I focus on municipal elections in France, where cities above a certain population threshold are required to use a PR system while those below use a t…

Acquiring the Habit of Changing Governments Through Elections

Changing governments through elections is a rare and a recent practice. Yielding office the first time is foreboding because it entails the risk that the gesture would not be reciprocated, but the habit develops rapidly once the first step is taken. This article provides evidence for these assertions by examining about 3,000 elections in the world since 1788.

Set Diagrams and Qualitative Research

Political scientists have developed important new ideas for using spatial diagrams to enhance quantitative research. Yet the potential uses of diagrams for qualitative research have not been explored systematically. We begin to correct this omission by showing how set diagrams can facilitate the application of qualitative methods and improve the presentation of qualitative findings. Set diagram…

Can Foreign Stock Investors Influence Policymaking?

Foreign portfolio stock investors (FPSIs) often attach political criteria to their investment choices, sometimes in the hope of pressuring policymakers in boycotted markets to adjust their policies. This article asks when the decision to not invest in foreign stock markets for political reasons catalyzes policy change in those countries. Unlike investors in government bonds that target state in…

Lost Autonomy, Nationalism and Separatism

Case studies suggest that ethnic groups with autonomous institutional arrangements are more prone to secede, but other evidence indicates that autonomy reduces the likelihood of secession. To address this debate, we disaggregate their autonomy status into three categories�currently autonomous, never autonomous, and lost autonomy�and then unpack how each shapes the logic of collective action. We…

Alat bantu : pemberdayaan masyarakat bidang Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak

Edition

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ISBN/ISSN

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Collation

illus, xii, 195p.; 25 cm

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Call Number

361.2, KUS, a

Women’s Religious Authority in a Sub-Saharan Setting Dialectics of Empower…

Western scholarship on religion and gender has devoted considerable attention to women�s entry into leadership roles across various religious traditions and denominations. However, very little is known about the dynamics of women�s religious authority and leadership in developing settings, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, a region of powerful and diverse religious expressions. This study emplo…

“I’m Not One of Those Girls” Boundary-Work and the Sexual Double Stand…

Sexual morality is not keeping up with the new sexual practices of young people, even in cultures oriented toward gender equality. The Norwegian high school graduation celebration constitutes an exceptionally liberal context for sexual practices. Many of the 18-year-old participants in this three-week-long celebration engage in �hookup� activities, involving kissing, fondling, and sexual interc…

Altruistic Agencies and Compassionate Consumers Moral Framing of Transnation…

What makes a multimillion-dollar, transnational intimate industry possible when most people see it as exploitative? Using the newly emergent case of commercial surrogacy in India, this article extends the literature on stratified reproduction and intimate industries by examining how surrogacy persists and thrives despite its common portrayal as the �rent-a-womb industry� and �baby factory.� Usi…

Indigenous Women’s Political Participation Gendered Labor and Collective R…

In Latin America, rights to local political participation in many indigenous communities are not simply granted, but rather �earned� through acts of labor for the community. This is the case in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, where almost three-fourths of municipalities elect municipal authorities through custom and tradition rather than secret ballot and universal suffrage. The alarmingly low rat…